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本帖最后由 陈佳慧 于 2021-3-10 16:37 编辑Top China, US epidemiologists call for global cooperation to fight COVID
Xinhua
Updated: March 3, 2021
GUANGZHOU - Leading Chinese respiratory disease expert Zhong Nanshan and top US infectious disease expert Anthony Fauci have called for global solidarity and cooperation to fight against COVID-19.
The epidemiologists exchanged their views in an online conversation hosted by the University of Edinburgh Tuesday night Beijing time.
The two believed that global cooperation is essential in the epidemic control.
Novel coronavirus is an enemy of all mankind, said Zhong, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and a leading expert in China's respiratory disease research.
"If the coronavirus still spreads in some individual countries, COVID-19 cannot be said to be fully controlled worldwide. If we want to end this epidemic, we need appropriate science-based, evidence-based decisions by decision-makers in each country. Everyone should do their best. So we need global solidarity," Zhong said.
Zhong believed that some unscientific, inhumane means of "natural immunity" should not be used to achieve herd immunity.
"With the development and marketing of vaccines, it will take at least two to three years to achieve herd immunity worldwide," said Zhong.
The two agreed that balancing economic development and epidemic prevention and control is a global challenge, and undue hasty return to the "normal life" might lead to a backlash of the epidemic.
"Last year, two months after the epidemic was basically under control, we reopened our economy and resumed classes," said Zhong.
Zhong believed that a year from now there will be a big change.
"We have been successful in the past by global cooperation with smallpox, polio and measles. There is no reason in the world why we cannot do the same thing with COVID-19 by a combination of cooperative public health measures and the application of science to get interventions in the form of vaccines and therapies and other types of interventions," Fauci said.
Some very good news is what role fundamental, basic and clinical science has led to a potential and real solution to the problem, he said.
"And that is in the development of highly efficacious vaccines, not only by the United States, but also by China, Russia, India and other countries. Right now we have in the United States and others, worldwide, vaccines that have a very hard degree of efficacy and a good profile of safety."
"I know we're not going to get the world vaccinated in one year, but I would hope that we suppress the dynamics of this outbreak to the point where it may not be eliminated, but it is under extraordinarily good control, so that there can be some steps towards normality," Fauci said.
中美两国流行病学家呼吁全球合作抗击新冠肺炎。北京时间周二晚，中国呼吸系统疾病专家钟南山与美国传染病专家安东尼·福奇在爱丁堡大学主办的网上对话中交换了意见，呼吁全球团结合作抗击新冠肺炎。双方对于疫情防控持相同意见，认为疫情防控离不开全球合作。
钟院士表示，新型冠状病毒是人类公敌，如果新冠肺炎仍在个别国家蔓延，就不能说在全球范围内得到完全控制，如果我们想结束这种流行病，我们需要每个国家的决策者做出基于科学和证据的适当决策，每个人都应该尽力而为，所以我们需要全球团结。与此同时，福奇也表示，我们过去在天花、脊髓灰质炎和麻疹方面的全球合作取得了成功，我们没有理由不能通过合作公共卫生措施和应用科学，以疫苗、疗法和其他类型的干预措施的形式对COVID-19采取同样的措施。双方一致认为，平衡经济发展和疫情防控是全球性挑战，草率恢复“正常生活”可能导致疫情反弹，不应该用一些不科学、不人道的“自然免疫”手段来实现群体免疫，随着疫苗的开发和销售，至少需要两到三年的时间才能实现全球群体免疫。
好的消息是，基础科学和临床科学在解决这一问题方面发挥了潜在的与实际的作用，不仅是中国、美国，俄罗斯、印度和其他国家也在开发高效疫苗，世界各地的其他国家都有非常有效和安全的疫苗。福奇坦言，不会在一年内给全世界接种疫苗，但希望能抑制疫情的发展，可能不是消除，但疫情会得到非常好的控制，这样就可以朝着正常的方向迈进。 本帖最后由 陈佳慧 于 2021-3-27 15:06 编辑
Search for Missing Great White Sharks
Updated: March 25, 2021
On a hillside overlooking False Bay – shark spotters are keeping a close watch on the waves.
After all, this coastline near Cape Town has long been home to hundreds if not thousands of the world’s most famous predator . Until now.
South Africa’s great white sharks – the stuff of nightmares and of nature documentaries – have gone mysteriously missing.
Monwabisi Sikweyiya, Shark Spotters
Wherever you go, if you put your feet into the water, you expect to encounter white shark, but that's not the case no more. I don't even remember the last time I saw the shark.
It's two years now since they vanished , and the economic impact has been devastating . The great white tourism industry has collapsed .
But why did they disappear? This amateur footage shows the arrival of two suspects, a pair of orcas – killer whales – could they have scared off all those great whites?
Sarah Warries, CEO, Shark Spotters
To us, the arrival of these orcas and then the reduction in shark activity does all seem to be correlated. It appears that the orcas arrived and the sharks just are aware that they are no longer the apex predator any more.
But here is another theory. Local fishermen have been catching smaller sharks to export to fish and chip shops in Australia. Those sharks formed part of the great whites' diet.
But other shark detectives see a more complicated crime scene. Dr Sarah Andreotti used to study great whites here. Now she's using a harpoon to scrape DNA from smaller species.
Her view is that the great white population has been shrinking unnoticed for many years because of climate change, pollution, overfishing – a range of human activities.
Dr Sara Andreotti, University of Stellenbosch
It is not just frustrating , it's the feeling that that happened under our watch, you know, we saw the sharks, we saw the numbers were not great, and the work we did wasn't enough to get the environment better protected in a way, or maybe it was just too late.
Her conclusion is that the great whites didn't move elsewhere, they simply died out – their turf taken over by these copper sharks.
Nothing in this great white mystery is certain, except for the knowledge that we humans are, as usual, prime suspects.
在俯瞰南非福尔斯湾的山坡上，鲨鱼观察者们正在密切关注着海浪。毕竟，开普敦附近的这片海岸线长期以来都是数百甚至上千头举世闻名的食肉动物的家园。然而，今非昔比。南非大白鲨，这种通常出现在噩梦和自然纪录片中的动物，神秘地失踪了。
蒙瓦比西·锡克维耶亚 鲨鱼观察者组织（Shark Spotters）
“过去，不管你走到哪里，如果你把脚伸入水中，你可能就会遇到大白鲨，但现在情况不同了，我都不记得最后一次看到鲨鱼是什么时候了。”
自大白鲨消失以来，已经两年了，对经济造成了毁灭性打击，该地区靠大白鲨吸引游客带动的旅游业已经崩溃。但大白鲨为什么会消失呢？这段由业余人士拍摄的录像记录了两名嫌疑犯的到来，一对虎鲸，别名逆戟鲸，是它们把大白鲨都吓跑了吗？
莎拉·沃瑞斯 鲨鱼观察者组织首席执行官
“对我们来说，这些虎鲸的到来和鲨鱼活动的减少似乎都是相关的。看来是虎鲸一来，鲨鱼就意识到自己不再是食物链顶端的掠食者了。”
但还有另一种理论。当地渔民一直在捕捞较小的鲨鱼，出口到澳大利亚的炸鱼和薯条店，而这些鲨鱼正是大白鲨的食物之一，但其他的鲨鱼侦探认为犯罪现场的真相更复杂。莎拉·安德烈奥蒂博士曾经在这里研究大白鲨，她正在用鱼叉从较小的鲨鱼物种身上刮取DNA。她的观点是，大白鲨的数量多年来一直在悄声无息地减少，原因是气候变化、污染和过度捕捞这一系列人类活动。
莎拉·安德烈奥蒂博士 斯坦陵布什大学
“大白鲨的消失不仅令人沮丧，同时也给人一种事情就发生在眼皮底下，却无能为力的感觉，我们看到鲨鱼数量的下降，但所做的工作却不足以让环境得到更好的保护，也许一切为时已晚。”
她的结论是：大白鲨并没有迁徙到别处，只是在这个地区灭绝了，它们的地盘被这些短尾真鲨占领了。在大白鲨消失的谜团中，一切都是未知数，但有一点可以确定的是，一如既往，人类是头号嫌疑犯。
spotter /ˈspɑːtər/
n. 着弹点观察员；监视人；测位仪；检路器
cape /keɪp/
n. 海角，岬；披肩
predator /ˈpredətər/
n. [动] 捕食者；[动] 食肉动物；掠夺者
vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/
vi. 消失；突然不见；成为零
vt. 使不见，使消失
n. 弱化音
devastating /ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ/
adj. 毁灭性的；全然的
v. 摧毁（devastate的ing形式）；毁坏
collapse /kəˈlæps/
v. （突然）倒塌；（尤指因病重而）倒下，昏倒；（尤指工作劳累后）坐下；崩溃；（货币）贬值；折叠；（肺或血管）萎陷；套缩
n. 崩溃；（突然）倒塌；病倒；（货币）暴跌
apex /ˈeɪpeks/
n. 顶点；尖端
harpoon /hɑːrˈpuːn/
n. （捕鲸的）鱼叉，鱼镖
v. 用鱼叉叉，用鱼叉捕获
frustrating /ˈfrʌstreɪtɪŋ/
adj. 令人沮丧的
v. 使沮丧（frustrate的ing形式）
turf /tɜːrf/
n. 草皮；泥炭；跑马场
vt. 覆草皮于；驱逐；强制赶走
copper /ˈkɑːpər/
n. 铜；铜币；警察
adj. 铜制的
vt. 镀铜 本帖最后由 陈佳慧 于 2021-3-21 11:05 编辑
Postcards from Hell
Updated: March 9, 2021
Sun, a sandy beach and a nice view. Is that what all tourists want? Not quite. Trips to sites of death, brutality and terror are on the increase. About 350,000 people now visit Robben Island in South Africa every year. That's where Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 18 years. The prison was closed in 1996 and is now a so-called 'dark tourism' destination.
This trend has intrigued researchers at the University of Central Lancashire, which has even created an Institute for Dark Tourism Research. They examine why people feel compelled to visit places like Auschwitz in Poland or New York's Ground Zero. Is it just a case of morbid fascination ?
Director Philip Stone says his research suggests that visitors want to find some kind of meaning in these places of suffering. They try to empathize with victims and imagine the motivations of the perpetrators , he says. Then they have a sense of relief that they can step back into the safety of their own lives.
And what appeal could Chernobyl, the site of a catastrophic nuclear accident in 1986, have? Stone says such grim places make people face their "own mortality". In a culture that usually removes death from the public domain , these destinations are strongly associated with loss of life, he says.
And yet this kind of activity has a long history, according to Stone: "It's always been there. You could say that a medieval execution was an early form of dark tourism."
The researcher, who worked in the tourism industry before becoming an academic, also pointed out an example of dark tourism closer to home. In Pendle in Lancashire in the 17th Century 11 people were charged with murder by witchcraft.
"Four hundred years ago they were innocent people who were killed. Now they're a tourist destination," says Stone.
What about you: would you visit the battlefields of World War I and II or the former prison of Robben Island?
阳光、沙滩和美丽的风景，这是所有游客都想要的吗？不完全是。前往死亡、暴行和恐怖地点的旅行正在增加，现在每年大约有35万人到南非的罗本岛旅游，纳尔逊·曼德拉在那里被关押了18年，该监狱于1996年关闭，现在是所谓的“黑色旅游”目的地。
这一趋势引起了中央兰开夏大学(University of Central Lancashire)研究人员的兴趣，该校甚至成立了一个黑色旅游研究机构，他们调查了为什么人们觉得有必要参观波兰的奥斯维辛集中营或纽约的世贸遗址，这只是一种病态的迷恋吗?
项目负责人菲利普·斯通(Philip Stone)表示，他的研究表明游客们希望在这些苦难之地找到某种意义，他们试着同情受害者，想象作恶者的动机，然后他们会有一种如释重负的感觉，他们可以回到自己安全的生活中。
1986年发生灾难性核事故的切尔诺贝利又有什么吸引力呢？斯通说，这些可怕的地方让人们面对自己的“死亡”，在一种通常将死亡从公共领域移除的文化中，这些目的地与生命的损失有着强烈的联系。
然而，这种活动有着悠久的历史，根据斯通的说法:“它一直都在那里，你可以说中世纪的死刑是一种早期的黑色旅游。”
这位研究人员在成为学者之前曾在旅游业工作，他还指出了离家较近的黑色旅游的一个例子：17世纪，在兰开夏郡的潘德尔，11人被指控用巫术杀人。
“四百年前，他们是无辜被杀害的人，现在他们是一个旅游目的地。”斯通说。
你呢？你会去参观一战和二战的战场，还是罗本岛的前监狱？
brutality /bruːˈtæləti/
n.无情；残忍；暴行（需用复数形式）
intrigued /ɪnˈtriːɡd/
adj.好奇的；被迷住了的
v.引起…的兴趣；使迷惑；策划阴谋（intrigue的过去分词）
morbid /ˈmɔːbɪd/
adj.病态的；由病引起的；恐怖的；病变部位的
fascination /ˌfæsɪˈneɪʃn/
n.魅力；魔力；入迷
perpetrators /ˈpɜːpətreɪtə(r)/
n.犯罪者；作恶者；行凶者
grim /ɡrɪm/
adj. 严肃的；令人沮丧的；阴沉的；糟糕的
domain /dəˈmeɪn; dəʊˈmeɪn/
n.领域；域名；产业；地产
medieval /ˌmediˈiːvl/
adj.中世纪的；原始的；仿中世纪的；老式的
execution /ˌeksɪˈkjuːʃn/
n.执行，实行；完成；死刑
本帖最后由 陈佳慧 于 2021-3-21 10:59 编辑
Working in Space
Updated: March 17, 2021
Bored with your life? Dreaming of something different? When I feel like that I look up and wonder what life would be like 400km above my head. That's where the International Space Station orbits the Earth, with six astronauts living and working on board, for months at a time.
How do they sleep? They spend the night floating in a sleeping bag inside a small cubicle on the ceiling. American astronaut Sunita Williams explains: "It's like a little phone booth but it's pretty comfy and it doesn't matter if I turn over and sleep upside down. I don't have any sensation in my head that tells me I'm upside down."
Brushing your teeth in a place where you can't have a tap or a sink can be a challenge. Can you imagine the mess that running water would make in zero gravity? Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield uses a straw to put a big blob of water from a sealed bag onto an ordinary toothbrush and adds a little toothpaste - which he has to swallow when he's done.
Daily exercise is essential. The lack of gravity makes bones more brittle and muscles lose strength - so astronauts are encouraged to work out for at least two hours a day.
The role of astronauts in the International Space Station is to act as lab technicians for scientists back on Earth. So they spend their time maintaining their environment and performing and monitoring experiments in a confined space about the size of a Boeing 747. Almost every task is carefully planned by mission control - although most astronauts spend their first days losing stuff until they get used to sticking everything they use to the walls with Velcro, duct tape or clips.
One of their most valued perks is the view from "the office", dominated by that gigantic blue ball down there, sitting in the darkness of space. Wow! Absolutely breathtaking!
厌倦了你的生活？梦想一些不一样的东西？当我这样想的时候，我会抬起头来，想知道在我头顶400公里处的生活会是什么样子。那里是国际空间站绕地球运行的地方，有六名宇航员在空间站上生活和工作，一次工作几个月。
他们怎么睡觉？他们在天花板上一个小隔间里的睡袋里漂浮着过夜。美国宇航员苏尼塔·威廉姆斯解释说：“它就像一个小电话亭，但非常舒适，即使我翻个身或倒立着睡觉也没关系，我的大脑里没有任何感觉告诉我我是倒立着的。”
在没有水龙头和水槽的地方刷牙是一项挑战。你能想象在零重力下自来水会造成多大的混乱吗？加拿大宇航员克里斯· 哈德菲尔德用一根吸管把密封袋里的一大团水倒在普通的牙刷上，然后加入一点牙膏——刷完后他必须吞下牙膏。
每天锻炼很重要。缺乏重力会使骨骼更脆弱，肌肉失去力量，所以宇航员被鼓励每天至少锻炼两个小时。
宇航员在国际空间站的角色是充当地球上科学家的实验室技术员。所以他们把时间花在维持环境上，在波音747大小的密闭空间里进行和监控实验，几乎每一项任务都是由任务控制中心精心策划的——尽管大多数宇航员在开始的几天里都会丢东西，直到他们习惯了用魔术贴、胶带或夹子把他们用过的东西粘在墙上。
他们最宝贵的福利之一就是从“办公室”里看东西，被下面那个坐落在黑暗的太空里的巨大蓝球控制着。哇！绝对惊人的！
orbit /ˈɔːrbɪt/
n. 轨道；眼眶；势力范围；生活常规
vi. 盘旋；绕轨道运行
vt. 绕……轨道而行
cubicle /ˈkjuːbɪkl/
n. 小卧室；小隔间
comfy /ˈkʌmfi/
adj. 舒服的；轻松的（等于comfortable）
blob /blɑːb/
n. 一滴；一抹；难以名状的一团
vt. 弄脏；把……做错
vi. 得零分；弄错
brittle /ˈbrɪtl/
adj. 易碎的，脆弱的；易生气的
stuff /stʌf/
n. 东西；材料；填充物；素材资料
vt. 塞满；填塞；让吃饱
vi. 吃得过多
perk /pɜːrk/
n. （工资外的）补贴；（非正式）额外收入；特殊待遇；渗滤式咖啡壶
v. 振作起来；（咖啡）滤煮；昂首
adj. 活跃的，活泼的
gigantic /dʒaɪˈɡæntɪk/
adj. 巨大的，庞大的 本帖最后由 陈佳慧 于 2021-3-31 11:37 编辑
The Joy of Walking at Night
Updated: March 30, 2021
It has, for many of us, become a lockdown ritual . As darkness descends, instead of settling down, it's the moment to head out. Short winter days often mean the only time we can escape for exercise is after dark.
Caroline Whiteman is a passionate night walker.
Caroline Whiteman, night walker
Our hearing becomes more sensitive. My sense of smell is more acute, and you can really appreciate the air on your face in a way that during daylight hours, these things go unnoticed.
With short winter days – and lockdown – walking and running in the dark has for many of us become a daily ritual.
David Sillito, BBC correspondent
So, it's much busier in the streets, isn't it, than it normally is?
Professor Loretta Lees, night walking convert
It certainly is!
I joined Professor Loretta Lees – her specialism: how life is changing in towns and cities.
David Sillito, BBC correspondent
Do you think there will be a positive benefit?
Professor Loretta Lees
I think it will change people's perceptions of safety in their own city, they'll realize that perhaps it's not as unsafe as they, you know, hitherto thought.
Thoughts also shared by Caroline, who feels this is a freedom we should consider more.
David Sillito, BBC correspondent
This does fly in the face of advice, especially for women, about not going out walking at night.
Caroline Whiteman
I agree. And I would challenge that and say that everybody should be entitled to have an experience and have an adventure by night, and that shouldn't just be the preserve of men. We've been conditioned as women to believe that we have no place out in the night, and yet when you can create a place of safety for yourself whilst night walking, it builds confidence.
It's different neighborhood to neighborhood. But for some of us, lockdown has made the dark a little less forbidding.
对我们很多人来说，夜间行走已经成为了疫情封锁期间的必做活动。随着夜幕降临，这些人并没有在家中安顿下来，而是准备出门。冬季的白天短暂，通常意味着我们能出去锻炼的唯一时间是天黑以后。
卡罗琳·怀特曼是一位热爱夜间行走的人。
卡罗琳·怀特曼夜间行走爱好者
“我们的听觉变得更加灵敏。我的嗅觉更敏锐了，而且你能真正感受到扑面而来的空气，而在白天，这都往往不会被察觉到。”
冬季短暂的白天，加上封锁规定，在黑暗中行走和跑步已经成为我们许多人日常必做的事情了。
大卫·西利托BBC通讯员
“晚上道路上比平时热闹多了，是吧？”
洛蕾塔·李斯教授夜间行走爱好者
“确实热闹多了！”
我加入了洛蕾塔·李斯教授的一次夜间行走。她专门研究城镇生活的变化。
大卫·西利托BBC通讯员
“你认为夜间行走会带来什么好处吗？”
洛蕾塔·李斯教授
“我认为这将改变人们对自己城市安全的看法，人们会意识到也许这里并不像他们一直以来认为的那样不安全。”
卡罗琳也有同感，她觉得我们应该更多地享受夜间行走的自由。
大卫·西利托 BBC通讯员
“这个想法确实与晚上不要出门散步的建议相悖，特别是对于女性来说。”
卡罗琳·怀特曼
“我同意，但我要对这条建议提出质疑，我想说每个人都有权享受夜晚的乐趣，这不应该只是男人的特权。作为女人，我们已经习惯于相信到了晚上就无处可去，但当你能在安全的环境中进行夜间散步时，你就会信心大增。”
每个街区的情况都不一样。但对我们当中的一些人来说，疫情期间的封锁规定让黑暗变得不那么可怕了。
ritual /ˈrɪtʃuəl/
n. 仪式；惯例；礼制
adj. 仪式的；例行的；礼节性的
passionate /ˈpæʃənət/
adj. 热情的；热烈的，激昂的；易怒的
convert /kənˈvɜːrt/
vt. 使转变；转换…；使…改变信仰
vi. 转变，变换；皈依；改变信仰
n. 皈依者；改变宗教信仰者
perception /pərˈsepʃn/
n. 认识能力；知觉，感觉；洞察力；看法；获取
hitherto /ˌhɪeərˈtuː/
adv. 迄今；至今
本帖最后由 陈佳慧 于 2021-4-10 17:15 编辑
How Do Countries Honor the Dead
Updated: April 9, 2021
Orchid Basin Festival
Falling on July 15th according to the lunar calendar, Orchid Basin Festival is one of the big events in Japan all people observe. Japan usually gives people 3 days off to go back to their hometowns to pay respect to their ancestors. It is said that the ancestors' spirits will return home, and so each household put fire basins outside at the gate and hang lanterns for the spirits to find their way back.
Diwali-Festival of Lights
Diwali or Deepavali, the festival of "rows of lights", is one of the most important of all Hindu festivals. People place candles on the stairs, hallway and balcony at home when night falls that day to pay respect to the deceased and pray for the family. Lighting lamps and candles during the festival is also considered auspicious by bringing light, knowledge and eternal life from darkness, ignorance and death.
All Soul's Day
All Soul's Day, also called the "Day of the Dead" usually occurs on November 2, when families fondly remember the deceased by praying before an altar. It's also a time marked by festivities, including parades of skeletons . In one notable tradition, revelers lead a mock funeral procession with a live person inside a coffin .
Day of the dead
Poland and most of the Catholic world have celebrated the festival on Nov 1 for many centuries. Also known as All Saints Day, it's a national holiday when people all over Poland visit the graves of loved ones and to place candles and flowers at tombstones. The candles, which can burn for hours, are placed to help the departed souls find the way home.
Memorial Day in US
Memorial Day is a US national holiday observed on the last Monday of May. It commemorates those who died while in military service to their country. Soldiers in service and veterans go to cemeteries to pay respect to their dead peers by firing guns and blowing trumpets . First enacted to honor American soldiers and casualties in the civil war, the two World Wars and other military actions, it later evolved as a popular civil festival for each family to commemorate the passing of their loved ones.
日本: 摆放火盆迎祖灵
盂兰盆节是日本最盛大的节日之一，每年农历7月15日举行。日本全国放假3天，让城里人返乡祭祖。据说在这段时间，逝去的祖灵都会回到家中，为防止祖灵找不到家，人们会在家门口摆放欢迎的火盆，并在屋内挂上灯笼。
印度: 点燃蜡烛纪念故人
灯节为印度每年最大的节日。节日当天，夜幕降临后，人们会在楼梯、走廊、阳台及屋里都放上点燃的蜡烛，为死者祈祷，并期盼亡灵保佑家人平安。点灯还被视为带来光明、知识、永恒，驱走黑暗、无知和死亡。
墨西哥: 化妆骷髅大游行
万灵节是墨西哥的传统节日之一，又称扫墓节，定在每年11月2日。人们在家里摆祭坛，供上祭品，悼念死去的亲人。气氛浓厚的节日传统还包括化妆骷髅的盛大游行，以及把活人放进棺材里的"假面葬礼"。
波兰: 点蜡烛给亡灵指路
每年11月1日，波兰及绝大多数信奉天主教的国家都要举行亡人节，也称万灵节，以悼念逝人。这天是法定假日，人们都去扫墓，摆上鲜花并点上可燃烧几小时的蜡烛，给亡灵指引回家的路。
美国: 鸣枪悼念阵亡烈士
美国的阵亡烈士日通常在每年5月的最后一个周一，是法定假日。每逢这个日子，美国现役军人和老战士便前往墓地，鸣枪并吹响军中熄灯号，让死难将士安息。此节日最初用来纪念在南北战争和两次世界大战中战死的兵士，后来逐渐发展为一般家庭祭奠逝去的亲人。
orchid /ˈɔːrkɪd/
n. 兰花；兰科植物；淡紫色
auspicious /ɔːˈspɪʃəs/
adj. 有助于成功的，有利的；吉祥的，吉利的；富裕的
eternal /ɪˈtɜːrnl/
adj. 永恒的；不朽的
parade /pəˈreɪd/
n. 游行；阅兵；炫耀；行进；阅兵场
v. 游行；炫耀；列队行进
skeleton /ˈskelɪtn/
n. 骨架，骨骼；纲要；骨瘦如柴的人
adj. 骨骼的；骨瘦如柴的；概略的
reveler /'revələ/
n. 欢宴者，狂欢者；饮酒狂欢者；摆设酒宴者
coffin /ˈkɔːfɪn/
n. 棺材
vt. 把（尸体）装入棺材；收殓
commemorate /kəˈmeməreɪt/
vt. 庆祝，纪念；成为…的纪念
trumpet /ˈtrʌmpɪt/
n. 喇叭；喇叭声
vt. 吹喇叭；吹嘘
vi. 吹喇叭；发出喇叭般的声音 Blue Monday
Updated: April 19, 2021
Ask most people which day of the week they dread the most and the answer is likely to be Monday. The first day of the week can make us grouchy and depressed, which is why the feeling is described as the Monday blues. But what is it exactly that makes us feel down and does it affect everyone?
Apparently, the most depressing day of the year is the third Monday in January, when it's cold and dark outside. This day was nicknamed 'Blue Monday' by psychologist Cliff Arnall in 2004. He came up with it after a holiday company asked him for a 'scientific formula' for the January blues.
Even if there was little science behind the formula, it's probably true that the sound of our alarm clock on any Monday morning signals the dawning of a new week and possibly the end of our weekend of fun. Research shows our Monday mood can be based on a direct comparison to the day before. It's what psychologists call an emotional shift, and no other part of the week has a transition like it.
Monday means the end of weekend lie-ins - it's back to the routine and the realization that there are five days ahead of the nine-to-five, and according to the BBC Bitesize website "If you can't stand your job then the Monday blues can be very real." And your miserable Monday is followed by trying Tuesday – the most popular day for sending out job applications.
But is Monday as bad as we like to think it is? Feeling a bit low shouldn't be confused with more serious depression, caused by other factors. Writing for the BBC, author and presenter Claudia Hammond, argues that this low feeling might be a myth. She says: "There is a strong cultural idea that we don't like Mondays." She mentions an Australian study in 2008 about how people reflected on their mood and found the day that scored the lowest was in fact Wednesdays. So, when Monday comes, maybe we should give it a second chance!
问大多数人一周中最害怕哪一天，答案很可能是星期一。一周的第一天会让我们情绪不佳、情绪低落，这就是为什么这种感觉被称为“周一忧郁症”。但到底是什么让我们感到沮丧，它会影响到每个人吗?
显然，一年中最令人沮丧的一天是1月的第三个星期一，那时外面又冷又黑。2004年，心理学家克里夫·阿诺尔将这一天戏称为“蓝色星期一”。在一家度假公司向他询问1月综合症的“科学公式”后，他想出了这个主意。
即使这个公式背后没有什么科学依据，但周一早晨闹钟的声音很可能预示着新一周的开始，也可能预示着我们快乐周末的结束。研究表明，我们周一的情绪可以基于与前一天的直接对比。这就是心理学家所说的情绪转变，一周中没有其他时间能有这样的转变。
周一意味着周末睡懒觉的结束——回到常规生活，意识到还有五天就要朝九晚五了。根据BBC Bitesize网站的说法，“如果你无法忍受工作，那么周一综合症可能是真实存在的。”在你痛苦的星期一之后是“挣扎的星期二”——这是投求职信最多的一天。
但是星期一真的像我们想象的那么糟糕吗?有一点情绪低落不应与其他因素导致的更严重的抑郁症混淆。作家兼主持人克劳迪娅•哈蒙德（Claudia Hammond）在为英国广播公司（BBC）撰稿时认为，这种情绪低落可能是一个神话。她说:“有一种强烈的文化观念认为，我们不喜欢星期一。”她提到了2008年澳大利亚的一项研究，该研究探讨了人们如何反思自己的情绪，结果发现得分最低的日子实际上是周三。所以，当星期一到来的时候，也许我们应该再给它一次机会!
dread /dred/
v. 惧怕，担心；敬畏
n. 恐惧，可怕的人（或物）；（鸟群的）惊飞，惊起；将头发编成“骇人”发型的人
adj. 可怕的；令人敬畏的
grouchy /ˈɡraʊtʃi/
adj. 不高兴的，不满的；不平的
miserable /ˈmɪzrəbl/
adj. 悲惨的；痛苦的；卑鄙的 Globalization
Over many centuries, human societies across the globe have established progressively closer contacts. Recently, the pace of global integration has dramatically increased. Unprecedented changes in communications, transportation, and computer technology have given the process new impetus and made the world more interdependent than ever. Multinational corporations manufacture products in many countries and sell to consumers around the world. Money, technology and raw materials move ever more swiftly across national borders. Along with products and finances, ideas and cultures circulate more freely. As a result, laws, economies, and social movements are forming at the international level.
This site considers not only the Globalization of the Economy but also the Globalization of Politics, of Culture and of Law. The globalized world sweeps away regulation and undermines local and national politics, just as the consolidation of the nation state swept away local economies, dialects, cultures and political forms. Globalization creates new markets and wealth, even as it causes widespread suffering, disorder, and unrest. It is both a source of repression and a catalyst for global movements of social justice and emancipation.The great financial crisis of 2008-09 has revealed the dangers of an unstable, deregulated, global economy but it has also given rise to important global initiatives for change.
The term globalization encompasses a range of social, political, and economic changes. Within the section Defining Globalization, we provide an introduction to the key debates. The materials ask what is new, what drives the process, how it changes politics, and how it affects global institutions like the UN.
Globalization expands and accelerates the exchange of ideas and commodities over vast distances. It is common to discuss the phenomenon in highly generalized terms, but globalization's impacts are often best understood at the local level. Cases of Globalization explore the various manifestations of interconnectedness in the world, noting how globalization affects real people and places.
Tables and Charts on Globalization provide data on the growing global interconnectedness and draw a statistical and graphic picture of Globalization.
Globalization often appears to be a force of nature, a phenomenon without bounds or alternatives. But peoples’ movements have shown that it is neither unalterable nor inevitable. Citizens all over the world—ordinary people from the global North and South—can work together to shape alternate futures, to build a globalization of cooperation, solidarity and respect for our common planetary environment.
几个世纪以来，世界各地的人类社会建立了日益密切的联系。最近，全球一体化的步伐显著加快。在通信、运输以及计算机技术上前所未有的变化为这一进程提供了新的动力，与此同时使得世界比以往任何时候都更加地相互依存。跨国公司在多个国家生产产品并销售给世界各地的消费者，资金、技术和原材料的跨境流动更加迅速。同产品和资金一样，思想和文化的传播也更加自由，因此法律、经济和社会运动正在国际层面形成。 本帖最后由 陈佳慧 于 2021-5-13 19:36 编辑
Loneliness is Dangerous
Lonely and single middle-aged men are at an increased risk of developing cancer than those in a relationship and with people around them, according to a new study.
A team from the University of Eastern Finland worked with 2,570 middle-aged men, monitoring their health and mortality from the 1980s to the present day.
Over the course of the study 25% of participants had developed cancer, with 11% of the Finnish men involved dying from the condition.
There was a “clear link” between loneliness and an increased risk of cancer, the team explained, with being lonely increasing the risk of cancer by about ten percent.
Globally, cancer is the second leading cause of death. Loneliness has been suggested as a risk factor for cancer mortality . However, connections between loneliness, social isolation , and cancer are poorly understood.
Recent studies have suggested that loneliness could be as significant a health risk as smoking or being overweight, according to the researchers.
“Our findings support the idea that attention should be paid to this issue,” said project Researcher Siiri-Liisi Kraav from the University of Eastern Finland.
In addition, cancer mortality was higher in cancer patients who were unmarried, widowed or divorced at baseline .
“Awareness of the health effects of loneliness is constantly increasing. Therefore, it is important to examine, in more detail, the mechanisms by which loneliness causes adverse health effects,” the authors wrote.
“This information would enable us to better alleviate loneliness and the harm caused by it, as well as to find optimal ways to target preventive measures.”
新研究发现，孤独的单身中年男人比有伴的中年男人患癌风险更高。
东芬兰大学的研究团队调查了2570名中年男性，从20世纪80年代开始就一直监测他们的健康状况和死亡率。
在研究期间，25%的参与者患上了癌症，其中有11%的芬兰男性死于癌症。
研究团队解释道，孤独和患癌风险增加之间有“明显关联”，孤独可导致患癌风险增加约10%。
从全球来看，癌症是人类的第二大死因。目前已经发现，孤独是导致患癌死亡的一个风险因素，但是人们对孤独、社交隔绝和癌症三者之间的联系知之甚少。
近期的研究显示，孤独对健康的危害可能和吸烟、肥胖一样大。
东芬兰大学的项目研究员西瑞里西·卡拉夫说道：“我们的发现证实，这一问题应该得到重视。”
此外，未婚、丧偶或中年离婚的癌症患者死亡率更高。
作者写道：“孤独对健康的影响越来越受到重视，因此有必要更详细地研究孤独导致负面健康影响的机制。”
“这一信息将让我们能够更好地缓解孤独和由此造成的危害，也有助于找到最理想的预防措施。”
mortality /mɔːrˈtæləti/
n. 死亡数，死亡率；必死性，必死的命运
isolation /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃn/
n. 隔离；孤立；[电] 绝缘；[化学] 离析
widow /ˈwɪdoʊ/
n. 寡妇；未排足的行；寡妇鸟
v. 使丧偶
baseline /ˈbeɪslaɪn/
n. 基线；底线
mechanism /ˈmekənɪzəm/
n. 机制；原理，途径；进程；机械装置；技巧
adverse /ədˈvɜːrs,ˈædvɜːrs/
adj. 不利的；相反的；敌对的
alleviate /əˈliːvieɪt/
vt. 减轻，缓和
optimal /ˈɑːptɪməl/
adj. 最佳的；最理想的 5 Misconceptions about Dreams
1. Eating cheese before bed can give you nightmares.
At one point in Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol, Ebenezer Scrooge dismisses a ghostly encounter as being just as likely from the crumb of cheese he had before bed. It sounds a bit odd, but cheese has historically gotten a bad rap for its ability to conjure nightmares. It's unlikely that a little cheddar is the root of your nighttime terrors, though.
In 2005, the British Cheese Board funded a study to debunk the myths about cheese causing nightmares. As part of the experiment, 200 participants snacked on 20 grams of cheese a half-hour before bedtime. Sixty-seven percent of cheese eaters reported remembering their dreams, but none of them recorded nightmares. The dreams they did have, however, were pretty funky . One participant detailed dreaming about a vegetarian crocodile who was distressed about not being able to eat children, while another dreamed of soldiers who fought with kittens instead of guns.
2. We only dream during REM sleep.
There's a lot we don't know about dreams, but for a long time, we were certain they only occurred during REM sleep. Now, it has been proven that we actually dream during different stages of sleep. We're just more likely to remember the dreams we have during REM sleep. These REM sleep dreams tend to be more vivid, exciting, and just plain weird. Non-REM sleep dreams, on the other hand, are simpler and less emotional.
3. Dreams are entirely meaningless.
While it may be difficult to draw conclusions from any one particular dream, research suggests that dreams are more than just a random montage of scenes that flit through our brains at night. Recurring patterns in dreams often accurately reflect concerns people have about their daily lives. And those dreams you had about being unprepared for a test or showing up to class in your underwear aren't limited to your high school days. A person is likely to have those dreams long after they've graduated, as they often crop up during times of stress. So, if you're feeling extra anxious in the days leading up to a job interview, don't be surprised if your subconscious revives that old math test nightmare.
4. Remembering your dreams is an indicator of good sleep.
Some people say that remembering your dreams in the morning is an indication of a good night's sleep, but that's not true. In fact, people with poor sleep are more likely to remember their dreams. According to a 2014 report in Cerebral Cortex, study participants who remembered their dreams had twice as much “wakefulness”, which could be taken to mean they woke up more often. People who remember their dreams also have higher activity in the temporoparietal junction , a part of the brain that processes information and emotions. They also reacted more strongly to sounds, which could help explain their interrupted sleep patterns. Basically, people who are sleep-deprived tend to have greater sleep intensity during the precious few hours they manage to sleep, which leads to more vivid dreams.
5. Not everyone dreams.
A 2015 French study published in the Journal of Sleep Research sought to find whether or not everyone dreams. The researchers studied individuals with REM sleep behavior disorder, which causes people to act out their dreams while they're sleeping. Fewer than 4 percent of the study's participants claimed they never dreamed. But the researcher's analysis says otherwise. They observed the participants while they slept, and found that even those who denied dreaming still moved in a way that suggested they were, in fact, dreaming. It's more likely people just don't remember their dreams. Though adults average four to six dreams per night, most people forget between 95 to 99 percent of them.
误解一：睡觉前吃奶酪会做噩梦
查尔斯·狄更斯的《圣诞颂歌》有这样一段情节：埃比尼泽·斯克鲁奇在遇见鬼魂后不以为然，认为是他睡觉前吃的奶酪碎屑在作祟。这听上去有点诡异，但是历史上奶酪一直有招来噩梦的坏名声。然而，吃一点切达干酪就让你做噩梦是不太可能的。
2005年，英国奶酪委员会资助了一项研究，旨在揭穿吃奶酪导致做噩梦的误解。研究开展了一项实验，让200个参与者在睡觉前半小时每人摄入20克奶酪，这些吃奶酪的人有67%报告称记得自己做的梦，但是没有人自称做了噩梦，不过他们的梦相当夸张：一名参与者梦见一条吃素的鳄鱼因为无法吃小孩而感到苦恼，另一名参与者则梦见用小猫而非枪支打仗的士兵。
误解二：我们只在快速眼动睡眠期间做梦
我们对梦不了解的地方还有很多，但是长时间以来，人们坚信只有快速眼动睡眠期间才会做梦。如今事实证明，我们在睡眠的不同阶段都会做梦，我们只是更容易记住在快速眼动睡眠期间做的梦，在这期间做的梦通常更生动、更刺激而且更诡异，不在快速眼动睡眠期间做的梦则更简单，也更平淡。
误解三：梦是毫无意义的
尽管根据某个特别的梦得出结论或许很难，但是研究表明，梦不只是我们的大脑在夜里闪过的随机画面组合。反复做的梦通常准确地反映出人们在日常生活中的忧虑，并不是只有在高中时代才会做那种来不及备考或穿着内衣出现在课堂上的梦，一个人可能在毕业很久之后还会做这种梦，他们通常在压力大的时候梦见这些。因此，如果你在求职面试前夕感觉特别焦虑，那么就不要奇怪你的潜意识唤醒了那个数学考试的可怕旧梦。
误解四：记得梦说明你睡了个好觉
有些人说，早上醒来记得梦说明你睡了个好觉，但这种说法是错的。事实上，睡眠差的人更可能记得自己的梦。2014年发表在期刊《大脑皮层》上一篇研究报告称，记得自己梦的研究参与者“失眠程度”是其他人的两倍，这意味着他们更频繁地醒来。记得自己梦的人大脑中处理信息和情感的颞顶交界处的活动水平更高，他们对声音的反应也更强烈，这有助于解释为什么他们的睡眠频频被打断。基本上，失眠者在宝贵的几小时睡眠时间内睡眠强度更大，从而导致他们的梦更生动。
误解五：不是每个人都做梦
2015年发表在《睡眠研究杂志》上的一项法国研究想弄清楚是否每个人都做梦。研究人员对快速眼部活动睡眠行为紊乱者进行了研究，这些人在睡眠期间会一边做梦一边乱动。不到4%的研究参与者自称从不做梦，但是研究人员的分析却发现不是如此，他们在参与者睡觉时对他们进行了观察，结果发现即使是那些否认做梦的人仍然会做出一些动作，表明他们事实上在做梦，所以更可能的情况是，人们只是不记得自己的梦。尽管成年人每夜平均睡4到6小时，但多数人会忘记95%到99%的梦。
crumb /krʌm/
n. 面包屑，碎屑；少许
vt. 弄碎；捏碎
conjure /ˈkɑːndʒər/
vt. 变魔术；像变魔术般变出；念咒召唤；恳求；想象；使想起
vi. 施魔法；变魔术
debunk /diːˈbʌŋk/
vt. 揭穿；拆穿…的假面具；暴露
funky /ˈfʌŋki/
adj. 时髦的；畏缩的；恶臭的
flit /flɪt/
v. 掠过，轻快地飞；移居；躲债搬家；不停地移动；很快转变
n. 轻快的飞行；移居；躲债搬家；夜间偷偷逃走
recurring /rɪˈkɜːrɪŋ/
adj. 循环的；再发的
v. 再发生，反复出现
subconscious /ˌsʌbˈkɑːnʃəs/
adj. 潜意识的，下意识的
n. 下意识（心理活动），潜意识（心理活动）
junction /ˈdʒʌŋkʃn/
n. 连接，接合；交叉点；接合点
deprived /dɪˈpraɪvd/
adj. 贫困的，穷苦的，严重匮乏的；（人）丧失的，被剥夺的
intensity /ɪnˈtensəti/
n. 强度；强烈；[电子] 亮度；紧张
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